Gods Lift is Out of Order Essay Example For Students

Divine beings Lift is Out of Order Essay Nearly everyone, who is mature enough to comprehend what it implies, have things in their lives that they lament. It very well may be something they stated, did or even not said or not did. Here and there you both lament and feel remorseful about your activities. This can for example be discussing somebody despite their good faith, or planning something for somebody that they will get injured by. Regularly you lament something or feel remorseful about it, on the off chance that you know not to do what you did. At times you think twice about it a while later, in light of the fact that you didn't know at the time that it wasn't right, yet in some cases you realize it immediately, and you will think twice about it, on the off chance that you see the negative outcomes of it. In Gods Lift is Out of Order the storyteller is a dark young lady who lives in Kilburn, London. She has a cherished companion called Aaron. He played chess a great deal and at 14 he turned into a broadly positioned player. Moreover he can understand music, compose verse, play piano and ball and he can do maths. All things considered he is by all accounts a smart kid, however his issue is, that his mom is intellectually sick. In spite of the fact that Aaron is by all accounts an exceptionally capable kid, he doesn't have a clue how to escape his legacy from his mom. Both Aaron and his sibling begins ingesting medications. The storyteller and Aaron used to be dear companion when they were more youthful. They would lie together in the storytellers room, claiming not to see their legs were contacting. They went out to see the films with normal companions to watch a spine chiller, and on the grounds that Aaron and the storyteller were not genuine Hampstead kids, they would walk home together. They had a great deal of fun together as companion, and it appears as though Aaron might want to make it a stride further. He composes the storyteller a mysterious letter on Valentines Day, yet now the storyteller has proceeded onward. Be that as it may, things were distinctive now and I saw a greater amount of Aarons more seasoned Brother. LL 93-94. The storyteller couldn't care less as much about Aaron as in the past. They were incredible beloved companions, however now she has gotten a grown-up and has proceeded onward from their youth be a tease. Aaron then again is by all accounts stuck previously. The storyteller has likewise got a beau now, and she doesn't have the foggiest idea how to have Aaron in her life too. She misses him, and yet she is especially enamored with her new beau. Rather than simply revealing to her sweetheart that she misses Aaron, she decides to disregard Aaron and to act as she couldn't care less about him. This is actually what chomps her toward the end. At the point when the storyteller discovers, that Aaron is dead, she turns into this horrendous sentiment of blame and lament. Had she recently been more pleasant to him the last time they talked and had she quite recently said how she truly felt, this probably won't have occurred. She thought about Aarons medicate use, yet she didn't attempt to support him. The explanation she laments the most is, that she really deceived him about her sentiments. She would have gotten a kick out of the chance to see him play piano, yet she didn't realized how to disclose to her new sweetheart. Presently the storyteller is left with the inclination that on the off chance that she had said reality, her old companion could even now be alive. The fantasy in the content shows, that there is something in the storytellers subliminal quality that makes her consider Aaron. He was a major piece of her life, yet then she simply proceeded onward without truly bidding farewell, and she feels regretful about that. Along these lines the topics in this story are disappointment and the sentiment of blame. .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .postImageUrl , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:hover , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:visited , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:active { border:0!important; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:active , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:hover { mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13 e9cd5647 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Civil Engineering And American EngineeringRichard Cory: Seems to be fine, yet he isn't. He has everything going, yet at the same time there is something he cannot live with. Like Aaron looses his old buddy, Richard probably lost something, or he doesn't have a clue how to utilize his life, similar to Aaron doesn't either. Not waving however suffocating: no one hear the dead man waving for help. This may be contrasted with Aaron, who attempts to wave at the storyteller and get her assistance, however she doesn't see that he is waving for help, yet things he is simply waving like in this story.

Enterprise Resource Planning Shared Leadership

Question: Examine about the Enterprise Resource Planning for Shared Leadership. Answer: Purpose for Implementing or Updating the ERP: The accompanying focuses are the purpose for picking an ERP or venture asset framework. All the essential procedure of the association can be obvious to the administration. The data of different offices will be available without any problem. Single and brought together announcing framework for exploring the status or measurements progressively. This will be conceivable inside all the offices and capacities (Leon 2014). The business insight functionalities can be joined inside the business with the augmentation by the ERP seller. It will permit the administration to get inside the business exercises and perceive the potential issues. Based on the prerequisite of the association, the choice of the modules, for example, human asset the executives, money, promoting, client relationship the board and a lot more can be chosen. This demonstrates the framework is a particular framework (Monk and Wagner 2012). The bring together capacity and reinforcement of all the association information should be possible through the database framework which is actualized in the backend. The comprehensively scattered undertaking associations are the best for a venture asset framework (Tsai et al. 2012). Over all the divisions, the coordinated effort can be accomplished due to the quicker joint effort and endeavor wide perceivability. Since the brought together security approaches and enactments can be applied to the framework, greater security can be accomplished as far as an endeavor asset arranging framework (Kwak et al. 2012). Application program interface can be utilized in the ERP framework for coordinating different frameworks. It permits an association to expand the usefulness of the ERP framework. As the framework gives adaptability at all aspects of it, this cooperation fills in as very piece of the ERP. Propelled E-business can be joined with the undertaking asset framework. Notwithstanding that, online request following can be taken care of by the ERP framework (Saeed, Skielse and Uppstrom 2012). Hierarchical Processes Supported by ERP: Key Business Processes Elements of Business Promoting Promoting of an item Deals request following Backing to shopper CRM or client relationship the executives Deals anticipating Publicizing SCM or gracefully chain the executives Purchasing crude materials Get products Coordinations and transportation Planning creation Assembling merchandise Support of the plant Fund and bookkeeping Installments to provider from buyer Cost control and designation Arranging and planning Income the executives HRM or human asset the board Employing and enlisting Preparing Finance Focal points Government consistence Table 1: Key Business Functionalities of ERP (Source: Jin et al. 2014) Promoting System: The total 3600 image of the customer can be noticeable to the administration which helps with upgrading the request satisfaction and request preparing. The framework likewise naturally produces qualified leads, handle multi channel showcasing efforts, smoothing out the business action and coordinated effort among the deals and advertising (Strauss 2016). The framework gives the data to the ideal and approved staff progressively. Record framework: General record modules and the buying can be incorporated straightforwardly. The history and the present movement of the merchant can be gotten to by the seller action program. The common solicitations can be consequently made with redundant information passage (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). It likewise gives staggered burdening capacities to various regions, for example, state, district, and city. Flexibly chain the executives: Through the gracefully chain arranging advancements, promoting channels, needs in the stock, ensuring recharging, showcasing channel determination and a lot more can be accomplished adequately and proficiently (Stadtler 2015). It handles the flexibly of the products, administration and acquirement adequately. Survey, screen and modify the flexibly chain action and endeavors continuously is done through the venture asset framework. Human Resource Management: The human asset arranging is set up by the ERP. Through the reproduction of the human asset arranging the administration can take better choice (Hoch and Dulebohn 2013). The ERP is the key in numerous ventures for getting the relational, specialized and business aptitudes that are required by the representatives. Key Modules in the Enterprise Resource System: Flexibly chain the executives: as far as the makes this module is one of the most pivotal modules. From the base to the top all the parts of the gracefully affix the executives is obvious to the administration (Leon 2014). Request the board, determining, acquirement, arranging and a lot more are the key SCM modules. CRM: All the shopper progress of an association is obvious at one spot through the client relationship the board programming (Khodakarami and Chan 2014). Ace information the executives are buyer information reconciliation the primary parts of the ERP client relationship the board. Item lifecycle the executives: Port folio the board, item information the executives, direct material sourcing and item configuration are the different pieces of the PLM. The properties and the structure of the item can be gotten to by the administration through the ERP (Vezzetti, Violante and Marcolin 2014). Human capital administration: It is another normal module of the ERP. The HCM modules give limit as the middle agent record, which inconspicuous components work power exercises, benefits association and money, position organization and consistence with government headings (Hoch and Dulebohn 2013). ERP HCM covers three areas of laborer organization: esteem based, capacity organization and created organization. Distribution center Management System: WMS writing computer programs is an obvious necessity has for creators. ERP WMS modules take after the movement strategy required with finished product or materials from transport into the dispersion place for limit through recharging and picking for shipment to fulfill orders (Sahuri and Utomo 2016). WMS modules in like manner synchronize and control stock on the shop floor. Resource Management: Makers can follow physical gathering assets required in progress - the plant itself and apparatus - using ERP Asset the executives modules. A segment of the step by step works that ERP Asset the executives handles are upkeep plans, equipment uptime and personal time, stock and assurance organization and consistence with hazardous materials and waste after headings (Morlhon, Pellerin and Bourgault 2014). Contemplations for Evaluating, Purchasing and Implementing an ERP System: Assessing: For assessing the ERP the key contemplations are as following. Business size: The association must think about their business size. It is on the grounds that the private company does exclude the majority of the functionalities of the ERP while and medium or enormous venture will (Smith and Kutas 2015). Security: The security can be considered as the most pivotal element of an ERP. The data that the ERP is comprising of is generally significant for an association. Detailing: As a business reports to different association and there are various laws related with the revealing, the announcing can be considered as the one of the significant contemplations while assessing an ERP (Kayser and Tenke 2015). Actualizing: The contemplations while executing the ERP are as following. Backing of upper administration: Obtain the help of the upper administration is a critical factor as far as executing an ERP inside an association. Clarifying idea about the prerequisite: Often an inappropriate necessities make a circumstance where the both the customer and seller association experiences actualizing the ERP. So it is significant for the association to indicate the prerequisites unmistakably before starting the usage procedure (Smith and Kutas 2015). Versatile clients: As the vast majority of the clients are keen on getting to the framework through their cell phones, the association must consider making the framework portable bolstered. Buying: The contemplations while buying the ERP are as following. Target of the association: The association must break down that the ERP is equipped for satisfying the objectives and goals of the association. Notwithstanding that, the associations need to consider that whether the ERP is equipped for carrying an item to the market quicker and remaining whole administrative necessity or not. Future adaptability and basic innovation: As the innovation is moving exceptionally quick, knowing the fundamental innovation of the ERP is extremely significant now days (Kayser and Tenke 2015). It is on the grounds that the future versatility of the ERP relies upon the basic innovation utilized in the ERP. Section 2 1. Setting Diagram of Sport Goods Galores ERP: 2. DFD of Sport Goods Galores ERP: 3. Framework Flow Chart of Sport Goods Galores ERP: References: Hoch, J.E. what's more, Dulebohn, J.H 2013. Mutual authority in big business asset arranging and human asset the executives framework implementation.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), pp.114-125. Jin, J., Allison, B.Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, X. what's more, Cichocki, A 2014. An ERP-based BCI utilizing a weirdo worldview with various faces and diminished blunders in basic functions.International diary of neural systems,24(08), p.1450027. Kanellou, A. furthermore, Spathis, C 2013. Bookkeeping advantages and fulfillment in an ERP environment.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(3), pp.209-234. Kayser, J. what's more, Tenke, C.E 2015. Issues and contemplations for utilizing the scalp surface Laplacian in EEG/ERP examine: An instructional exercise review.International Journal of Psychophysiology,97(3), pp.189-209. Khodakarami, F. what's more, Chan, Y.E 2014. Investigating

INFP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

INFP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print INFP: The Mediator (Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving) An Overview of the INFP Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on June 19, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on August 08, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key INFP Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With INFPs View All INFP (introversion, intuition, feeling, perception) is a four-letter abbreviation for one of the 16 personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.?? The INFP personality type is often described as an idealist or mediator personality. People with this kind of personality tend to be  introverted, idealistic, creative and driven by high values. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell INFPs also have strong interests in making the world a better place. In addition to wanting to gain a greater understanding of themselves and how they fit into the world, they are also interested in how they can best help others. People with this personality type spend a lot of time exploring their own purpose in life and thinking about how they can use their skills and talents to best serve humanity. INFP is also the opposite personality type of ESTJ. Other personality types include INTP and ENFJ. Key INFP Characteristics INFPs tend to be introverted, quiet, and reserved. Being in social situations tends to drain their energy and they prefer interacting with a select group of close friends. While they like to be alone, this should not necessarily be confused with shyness?? . Instead, it simply means that INFPs gain energy from spending time alone. On the other hand, they have to expend energy in social situations.INFPs typically rely on intuition and are more focused on the big picture rather than the nitty-gritty details. They can be quite meticulous about things they really care about or projects they are working on, but tend to ignore mundane or boring details.INFPs place an emphasis on personal feelings and their decisions are more influenced by these concerns rather than by objective information.When it comes to  making decisions, INFPs like to keep their options open. They often delay making important decisions just in case something about the situation changes. When decisions are made, they are usually based on personal values rather than logic. Strengths Loyal and devoted Sensitive to feelings Caring and interested in others Works well alone Values close relationships Good at seeing the big picture Weaknesses Can be overly idealistic Tends to take everything personally Difficult to get to know Sometimes loses sight of the little things Overlooks details Cognitive Functions The MBTI itself is based upon a theory of personality created by the Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung.?? He proposed that there are four psychological components of personality: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. People then direct each of these cognitive functions inwardly (introverted) or outwardly (extraverted). In the MBTI, each personality type is made up of a hierarchical stack of these functions. The dominant function is one that largely controls personality, although it is also supported by the auxiliary and, to a lesser degree, the tertiary functions. Inferior functions are those that are largely unconscious but still exert some influence. INFPs tend to rely on the following four cognitive functions:?? Dominant: Introverted Feeling INFPs experience a great depth of feelings, but as introverts they largely process these emotions internally. They possess an incredible sense of wonder about the world and feel great compassion and empathy for others. While these emotions are strong, they tend not to express them outwardly, which is why they can sometimes be mistaken as aloof or unwelcoming. Auxiliary: Extraverted Intuition INFPs explore situations using imagination and what if scenarios, often thinking through a variety of possibilities before settling on a course of action. Their inner lives are a dominant force in personality and they engage with the outside world by using their intuition. They focus on the big picture and things will shape the course of the future. This ability helps make INFPs transformative leaders who are excited about making positive changes in the world. Tertiary: Introverted Sensing When taking in information, INFPs create vivid memories of the events. They will often replay these events in their minds to analyze experiences in less stressful settings. Such memories are usually associated with strong emotions, so recalling a memory can often seem like reliving the experience itself. Inferior: Extraverted Thinking This cognitive function involves organizing and making sense of the world in an objective and logical manner. While this is a largely unconscious influence in the INFPs personality, it can show itself in times of pressure. When faced with stress, an INFP might become suddenly very pragmatic and detail-oriented, focusing on logic rather than emotion. Because they are typically ruled more by intuition and emotion, INFPs can sometimes struggle to feel productive and efficient. Learning to develop the extraverted thinking function can help people with this personality type create a better sense of balance. INFPs You Might Know Audrey Hepburn, actressJRR Tolkien, authorPrincess Diana, British royalWilliam Shakespeare, playwrightFred Rogers, television personality Personal Relationships INFP are idealists so they tend to have high expectations - including in relationships. They might hold an idealized image in their minds of their perfect partner, which can be a difficult role for any individual to fill. People with this personality type care deeply about other people, yet as introverts they can be difficult to know. They do tend to become very close and deeply committed to the few that they forge close relationships with. They also dislike conflict and try to avoid it. When conflicts or arguments do arise, they usually focus more on how the conflict makes them feel rather than the actual details of the argument. During arguments, they might seem overly emotional or even irrational. However, they can also be good mediators by helping the people involved in a conflict identify and express their feelings. Because they are so reserved and private, it can be difficult for other people to get to know INFPs. They tend to be quite devoted to their circle of close friends and family and place a high importance on the feelings and emotions of their loved ones.?? Much of their energy is focused inwardly and characterized by intense feelings and strong values. They tend to be very loyal to the people they love and to beliefs and causes that are important to them. Career Paths INFPs typically do well in careers where they can express their creativity and vision. While they work well with others, they generally prefer to work alone.   INFPs tend to be very creative, artistic, and spiritual. They are often skilled with language but may prefer to express their thoughts and feelings through writing rather than speaking.?? Because they have strong ethics and values, they also become passionate about advocating or defending their beliefs. While they feel strongly about their own values, INFPs are also interested in learning more about others and are willing to listen and consider many sides of an issue. Popular INFP Careers ArtistCounselorGraphic DesignerLibrarianPsychologistPhysical TherapistSocial WorkerWriter Tips for Interacting With INFPs Friendships INFPs typically only have a few close friendships, but these relationships tend to be long-lasting. While people with this type of personality are adept at understanding others emotions, they often struggle to share their own feelings with others. Social contact can be difficult, although INFPs crave emotional intimacy and deep relationships. Getting to known an INFP can take time and work, but the rewards can be great for those who have the patience and understanding. Parenting INFP parents are usually supportive, caring, and warm. They are good at establishing guidelines and helping children develop strong values.?? Their goal as parents is to help their children grow as individuals and fully appreciate the wonders of the world. They may struggle to share their own emotions with their children and are often focused on creating harmony in the home. Relationships As with friendships, INFPs may struggle to become close to potential romantic partners. Once they do form a relationship, they approach it with a strong sense of loyalty.?? They can sometimes hold overly romanticized views of relationships and may have excessively high expectations that their partners struggle to live up to. They also tend to take comments personally while at the same time struggling to avoid conflicts. If your partner is an INFP, understand that they may struggle at times to open up, be overly sensitive to perceived criticisms, and often place your own happiness over that of their own.

President John F. Kennedy s Assassination - 2463 Words

President John F. Kennedy s assassination has plagued the nation for over fifty years. America has come to associate death, conspiracy, and change with the tragic events of November 22, 1963. John and Jackie Kennedy traveled from the White House to the state of Texas to began a campaigning tour for the upcoming presidential election. Kennedy began his trip with hopes of securing votes to help him secure a victory for the 1964 election. John F. Kennedy began his tour through Texas to regain support from the Lone Star State in the upcoming election. Kennedy was greeted by adoring fans as soon as he landed in Texas. The man was known for doing things his own way even in regards to plans set by his Secret Service agents. Instead of immediately joining the motorcade, John and Jackie were engulfed by the crowds a handful of times. Much to his agents dismay, Kennedy took his time making his way to his parade vehicle. Finally he joined Ray Kellerman, Jackie Kennedy , and John and Nellie Con nally in their vehicle driven by Bill Creer. Interaction between Kennedy and the public reestablished relationships amidst the two (O Reilly 258-260). Opinions of Kennedy varied greatly. Most citizens of Texas were elated to meet Kennedy. However, few were very hostile. In Five Days in November, agent Clint Hill explains that Kennedy was bombarded by inimical headlines sponsored by the American Fact-Finding Committee (Hill 79-81).The Presidential parade itself consisted of five cars fullShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Forgive Your Enemies, But Never Forget Their Names.† –John1302 Words   |  6 Pagestheir names.† –John F Kennedy This quote was said by a man who was once someone that the American people would call the 35th President of the United States. John F. Kennedy was a very young President, as well as a very good looking president. Women would swoon over the idea of John F. 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The Video Game Systems And The Internet - 1158 Words

Pinball is a game many remember fondly, though few venture to play. Initially, pinball was replaced by video games such as Pong, Space Invaders, and Pac Man; eventually even they would be forgotten in favor of home video game systems and the internet. However, prior to its disappearance, pinball had a lifespan of approximately 70 years, during which it endured a 34 year ban in many places; having been convicted of being immoral games of chance (Porges, n.d.). Hollywood used it to represent rebels, songs were sung about it, and perhaps, the taboo created made it that much more fascinating to play. Pinball is a coin or token operated, inclined, self standing game which utilizes a plunger, flippers, one to five metal balls, and various obstacles and targets. The object of the game is to use the plunger to shoot a ball into the playing field where there is an assortment of targets. Utilizing flippers, found at the bottom and sides of the field, one maneuvers the ball through random obstacles to yield the most points possible while attempting not to lose the ball. Initially, the original pinball machine, which made its debut in 1931, lacked flippers and legs and was played as a counter top game (Bellis, n.d.). Legs were added soon after debut; however flippers would not make an appearance until 1947, a full ten-years after the bumper (Bellis, n.d.). Due to the lack of flippers, gamers often shook and lifted the game in order to get the ball to go where they wanted it toShow MoreRelatedKey Changes in the Video Game Industry Essays1659 Words   |  7 PagesKey Changes in the Video Game Industry The first wave of home video games was launched nearly 30 years ago. By the early 1980s, this electronic entertainment medium had emerged as a cultural phenomenon, thanks to classics such as Asteroids, Centipede, Donkey Kong, and Pac-Man. 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Diversity Within A Workforce Diversity - 894 Words

Modern organizations strive to promote workforce diversity through different initiatives. Some organizations have started reaping the benefits of employees’ diversity at their workplaces. Some public and private organizations have promoted women and minorities to leadership positions, which was rear in the past. Despite the advantages diversity brings in various organizations and the initiatives taken by organizations to promote it, implementing it poses challenges in different organizations. Initiatives to promote diversity The demographic makeup of workforce, which created considerable changes compelled organizations to develop programs or plans meant to promote workforce diversity. Schermerhom et al (2011) defines workforce diversity†¦show more content†¦This training assists leaders to recruit diverse candidates, provide conducive working condition for them, and discourage workplace discrimination. 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Sexual Diversity Mode of Discipline

Question: Discuss about the Sexual Diversityfor Mode of Discipline. Answer: In the particular reading, Fausto-Sterling demonstrates the ways that the state, the law and the medical systems maintain a dual sex binary. The author uses the concept of intersex to enhance the ways that do not entail two sexes only. The author maintains a continuous sequence and hardly underscores binary method (Rosenblum Travis, 2015). She adumbrates a history of intersexuality and shows a teleological approach. The author carries forward a very important message that two sexes are not enough. She maintains that there are five or more sexes. The most interesting quote that I have come across is the knowledge developed in biochemistry, embryology, endocrinology, psychology, and surgery has enabled physicians to control the very sex of the human body, as well as a mode of discipline Hermaphrodites have unruly bodies (p.471). To my belief, the quote is engrossing and challenging. She posits the notion of bio power that is introduced by Michael Foucault. In the 20th century, the treatment of intersexuality reflects on the concept of bio power. By this, Foucault refers to practice of public health, control of heredity and risk management. The concept of Foucault closely resembles the concept propounded by the author in the passage (Hondagneu-Sotelo et al., 2015). In the segment, I have quoted an interesting passage from the article. The passage is the knowledge developed in biochemistry, embryology, endocrinology, psychology, and surgery has enabled physicians to control the very sex of the human body, as well as a mode of discipline Hermaphrodites have unruly bodies (p.471). My interest about the history of intersexuality is piqued by the passage. From this passage (quoted above), I get to know that in normal life the knowledge developed in varied streams regulate the discipline. The author aims to meld the concept of intersexuality with the Foucaults bio power notion. It encapsulates a baffling concept that needs to be studied in depth. Reference Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., Zinn, M. B., Denissen, A. M. (2015).Gender through the Prism of Difference. Oxford University Press, USA. Rosenblum, K., Travis, T. M. (2015).The meaning of difference: American constructions of race, sex and gender, social class, sexual orientation, and disability. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Problems With Measurements Of The Distance Of Stars Essays

Problems With Measurements Of The Distance Of Stars This is one of the most commonly asked questions and deserves an honest answer. Below is first a short answer then a more thorough answer. There are three things we need to consider when answering the starlight question. 1. Scientists cannot measure distances beyond 100 light years accurately. 2. No one knows what light is or that it always travels the same speed throughout all time, space and matter. 3. The creation was finished or mature when God made it. Adam was full-grown, the trees had fruit on them, the starlight was visible, etc. Let me elaborate on these 3 points. The farthest accurate distance man can measure is 20 light years (some textbooks say up to 100), not several billion light years. Man measures star distances using parallax trigonometry. By choosing two measurable observation points and making an imaginary triangle to a third point, and using simple trigonometry, man uses points available are the positions of the earth in solar orbit six months apart, say June and December. This would be a base for our imaginary triangle of 186,000,000 miles or 16 light minutes. There are 525,948 minutes in a year. Even if the nearest star were only one light year away (and it isn't), the angle at the third point measures .017 degrees. In simpler terms, a triangle like this would be the same angle two surveyors would see if they were standing sixteen inches apart and focusing on a third point 8.24 miles away. If they stayed 16 inches apart and focused on a dot 824 miles away, they would have the same angle as an astronomer measuring a point 100 light years away. A point 5 million years away is impossible to figure with trigonometry. The stars may be that far away but modern man has no way of measuring those great distances. No one can state definitively the distance to the stars. The stars may indeed be billions of light years away, but man cannot measure those distances. Several other methods such as luminosity and red shift are employed to try to guess at greater distances but all such methods have serious problems and assumptions involved. None of them account, however, for why a rabid little weasel like Kent Hovind would argue this, or why a student would copy a paper off of a bad essay site like this one. For a more complex and slightly different answer to the star light question from a Christian perspective, see the book Starlight and Time by Russell Humphry available from www.icr.org. Second, the speed of light may not be a constant. It does vary in different media (hence the rainbow effect of light going through a prism) and may vary in different places in space. Of course, Kent Hovind is a crackpot, but this is his copied essay, so we'll run with the idea. The entire idea behind the black hole theory is that light can be attracted by gravity and be unable to escape the great pull of these imaginary black holes. No one knows what light is let alone that it's velocity has been the same all through time and space. Since atomic clocks use the wavelength of the Cesium 133 atom as a standard of time, if the speed of light is decaying, the clock would be changing at the same rate and therefore not be noticed. Third, the creation account states that God made light before He made the sun, moon, or stars. The rest of creation was mature, so starlight was probably mature at creation as well. A strange notion, but then, this is a copied essay, so I will go with what it says. I would ask the question, How old was Adam when God made him? Obviously he was zero years old. But how old did he look? He was a full-grown man. The trees were full-grown with fruit on them the first day they were made. The creation had to be that way; it would not work otherwise. Stars and their light were made at the same time. The God that I worship is not limited by anything involving time, space or matter. Finally, I would also like to point out that the evolutionists have no answer to the basic questions like; Where did the original matter space and energy come from for the stars? I

The secret life of Walter Mitty Essay Example

The secret life of Walter Mitty Essay Example The secret life of Walter Mitty Paper The secret life of Walter Mitty Paper He is shopping in town while his wife is at the hairdressers. He has five daydreams during the story; he imagines that he is the commander of a warship (while driving), he imagines he is a surgeon who saves a millionaires life (while driving), a defendant in a courtroom who is accused of shooting someone (after reading a newspaper report on a similar trial), he imagines he is a pilot in the Second World War (whilst reading a Liberty magazine), and he imagines he is in front of a firing squad (whilst he is waiting for his wife). This story mentions the armed forces on more than one occasion, as an important part of American culture is the military. Americans are proud of their technological advances in the sea, in the air and on land. This story has reference to a US navy vessel, an eight-engined Navy hydroplane. Walter Mitty is the captain of this until his wife informs him that he is going too fast. Navy vessels are an important part of American culture as they rely on them heavily, they helped them to win both world wars, and are important in reminding the world who the most powerful country in the world currently is. In conclusion, the Americans like weapons to be mentioned, as they show Yankee genius. This story, like My Father, illustrates dominant women, although both are set in completely different periods. Walter Mittys wife keeps ordering him about, and complains to him whenever he does anything wrong, e. g. Why dont you wear gloves? Ive been looking all over the hotel for you. Why do you have to hide in this old chair? There are many other similar quotations in this story that demonstrate that Mrs. Mitty keeps bossing Walter Mitty around. This shows the fact that in American society, the women are often generally strong characters (as they are descended from women who were pioneers and had to spent a lot of the time travelling across unknown territory) Walter Mittys third daydream is in a courtroom, after he read a headline about the Waterbury trial. In his daydream, Walter Mitty is accused of murder by shooting them. This illustrates the gun culture that is and was present in the United States. Many people in America have the opportunities to get a gun, and many have done this and used it to result in deaths. This is what the trial is about. The author is illustrating the gun culture operating in America. Walter Mittys fourth daydream is about a heroic captain in the air force who is brave enough to try and fly an aircraft that needs two pilots in order to destroy a German ammunition dump. The heroes of any war that America fought in are still important in American culture today, as they are proud of what they achieved. They are so proud of their fellow countryman who have fought for their country, they have made numerous films on the subject, most of which are based on true stories. In many cases, they often change the nationality of the heroes in the film to American. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty shows us culture in the Second World War in America and how it has affected the modern American culture. A couple of Hamburgers, by James Thurber This story is about a man and his wife who are travelling by car over a long distance, and the wife wants to stop at a diner. The man finds a few diners, but she does not approve of them, and a disagreement breaks out. Throughout the whole journey they have been annoying each other. They find a suitable diner, but then the wife discovers that this is not suitable, and her husband becomes even more annoyed at her for this. He refuses to leave this diner, so orders a couple of Hamburgers, while she smokes in the car. To annoy her further he starts singing to her in the car as they continue their journey and the story ends. This story again illustrates strong women, although to a less extent than in The secret life of Walter Mitty and My father. The wife in this story (who is nameless) firstly says that she is hungry, implying that she wants him to stop, which he agrees to do. Any of the places that he finds are not suitable, for various reasons, e. g. because the diners have nicknames, or if they are owned by Greeks. They do not stop here, as she does not want to, as she is a strong woman. The couple in this story do not get on particularly well. They argue about many things, e. g. she keeps hearing a funny sound in the car, which they argue over, they argue over where to stop to eat, he starts singing to her songs that she detests. This illustrates that perhaps many married couples in the USA are not happy with their life, and the hint of perhaps divorce lurks in the air. Divorce in America has now become very common, in fact nine out of ten marriages in the USA end in divorce, so it is very important. Divorce probably started to become more popular in the period that this story is set (post Second World War). This story, like Jeremy Rodock and My Father has references to pioneers, both the husband and the wife have ancestors who are pioneers, and the husband likes to use pioneer expressions that she thinks are crude, such as sow belly, sticking to your rib, dog wagons, and stay our stomachs. He likes to use these expressions, as he is very proud of his ancestry, and likes to remind people of this fact. She is too, although to a less extent. The car is very important part of American culture, as it is to most countries, but the USA especially. The United States is a very large country, and many people need to travel from one part of the country to another. Before aircraft were commercialised, and even afterwards, the car was the main way to travel interstate. In this story, the couple are on a long journey and are travelling by car, without the invention of the motorcar; this journey would not have been possible. The interstate roads are also very important, unlike many European countries, the roads are mostly straight and direct as the towns grew up on the roads, then mainly used by horses. This story does exemplify that America grew with immigration, people from all over the word migrated to the USA to lead a better life. As a result, the diversity of culture in the USA is enormous. This story mentions Greeks particularly; the wife will not stop at a Greek diner. The hamburger, mentioned in the title of this story is not of American heritage, it is, as the name suggests, from the German city of Hamburg. People from Hamburg migrated to the US and spread their Hamburgers around, and the idea spread, and the Americans developed it to a national food. People from most countries in the world have immigrated to the USA, creating a unique country with unique cultures. The story is about Hamburgers. Hamburgers are fast food, which has become a major part of American culture, and a massive industry in the USA and worldwide, due to chains such as MacDonalds, etc. Fast food is such an important part of US culture as the Americans like food very quickly, and they like the taste of the food, and as many do not have much time to spare, they need food quickly, and as fat food satisfies all of these requirements, it has become very popular. There is not much slang or difference in language to the English language in this story, as the wife speaks quite good English, as well as the husband, but he does use pioneer expressions already mentioned. There is the use of American terms in this story that are presumably not of Pioneer origin, e. g. diner, tumbler, slosh, folks, etc. The only slang used in this story are: aint, and swell, (which is used in a different context to its proper meaning). The language difference in this story illustrates the difference in culture between the USA and the UK In conclusion, A couple of Hamburgers sheds light on culture in post war America. By reading these four stories, we have discovered the diversity of culture in the United States of America, in the periods between 1850-1960; we have seen cultures from pioneers to fast food and the difference of the role of women in society, among many other important factors.

Visit to a place of worship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visit to a place of worship - Essay Example In this way we can ease our minds of anxiety, fear, and care. Although salvation does not depend on going to church, and a Bible is not necessary to get to heaven—a personal interest in Christ is the one thing needful; yet there is no denying that our edification in public worship depends greatly on the kind of prayers that are prayed. for what we require for our physical and spiritual well-being. It is true, as our Lord says, that our heavenly Father knows all our needs before we pray, but he likes to hear us ask him and turn to him with our petitions. The Bible teaches us that â€Å"every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning† (James 1:17). God is the source of every blessing and is unchanging and faithful. Since that is so, then it is clear that we must go to him for what we need, and we may go with confidence for he bids us come, and because we come in the name of his dear Son, Jesus Christ. The church main service started a little bit late than their usual time because there was a baptismal ceremony. For one to qualify to be Baptist in that church, one had to be born again and had to go for a three month course. The pastor said that those who brought their children to be baptised, they brought them as believers. The infants were baptised as the seed of godly parents, and the godparents and parents are exhorted, as believers, to pray that the child may be born again and encouraged to lay hold on the promises made. And as the child of believers, the infant when baptised, is pronounced â€Å"Regenerate†, and thanks are given for it. On that day, I realised that one of the delightful parts of worship is the singing of God’s praises. Praise is different from thanksgiving. We praise God for what he is, holy, almighty, gracious, merciful, wise, all-knowing. These are some of the attributes of God. We praise

Gulf Air Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gulf Air - Case Study Example Assets of the gulf air company have become manifold as compared to the time it started its business. (Gulf Air Official Website, 2010) The history of Gulf aviation relates back to the 1940s when a British pilot and entrepreneur named Freddie Bosworth started a company with the aim of providing air taxi services to the local customers and to the businesses. For ten years he was carrying on with the company with his small fleet of aircrafts and at the end of first quarter of 1950 he transformed his business into a private shareholding company with the name of Gulf Aviation. Therefore, it can be regarded as one of the oldest air carriers performing operations in the Middle East. After some time in 1951, the founder of the company died and it was all set to be sold to the big guns of the aviation industry. (Gulf Air Official Website, 2010) In the month of October of the year 1951 British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) acquired a 22% stake in the Gulf Aviation and therefore became a major share holder in the company. After the purchase of stake of the Gulf Aviation by British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) some of the updated and technologically advanced aircrafts were added to the fleet of the company as well as the company started its services to London city. Year 1973 is regarded as the most important year in the his... Thus by the acquisition of the shares of the company Gulf air became the national carrier of those four countries in the Persian Gulf. Moving further along the line in the same year, Gulf aviation achieved another land mark with the establishment of the subsidiary company of Gulf Helicopters. In the 1980s an increase in the trend of travelling by air was seemed in the world and the air travel was seemed to be the best commuting route in the world. With this opportunity Gulf airways also cashed in to make the best out of the bargain. It was the time of some real growth for the company and the company made the best out of the available opportunities. In the year 1981 Gulf Air became an IATA member and in the following year, it became the first International airline to land at Riyadh. With the progress of the company more and more aircrafts were also being added to the fleet of the company and in the year 1988 Boeing 767s were added to the fleet of the company and with the addition of Boeing 767s more services were offered to different customers of the different destinations. Gulf air also has the prestige of being the first Arab airline to fly directly to the continent of Australia. In the year 1994 Gulf air started receiving the airbus aircrafts and in the year 2000 took t he delivery of all of the remaining airbus aircrafts. In the meanwhile gulf air extended its services to the other parts of the world and the procedure of expansion did not stop. In the 1990s gulf air was down on profits and was not performing well as a corporate entity when the reign of the fleet and resources of gulf air was held in the hands of a newly appointed CEO of the company. In the year 2002 Mr. James Hogan became the president

Credit Risk Management in the UK Banking Sector

Credit Risk Management in the UK Banking Sector Background 3 Literature Review 7 Ascertaining why and how banking credit risk exposure is evolving recently 8 Seeing how banks use credit risk evaluation and assessment tools to mitigate their credit risk exposure 11 The steps and methodologies used by banks to identify, plan, map out, define a framework, develop an analysis and mitigate credit risk 13 Determine the relationship between the theories, concepts and models of credit risk management and what goes on practically in the banking world 17 Ascertain the scope to which resourceful credit risk management can perk up bank performance 19 To evaluate how regulators and government are assisting the banks to identify, mitigate credit risk, and helping to adopt the risk-based strategies to increase their profitability, and offering assistance on continuous basis 20 Research Methodology 21 Analysis 23 Ascertaining why and how banking credit risk exposure is evolving recently 23 Seeing how banks use credit risk evaluation and assessment tools to mitigate their credit risk exposure 25 The steps and methodologies used by banks to identify, plan, map out, define a framework, develop an analysis and mitigate credit risk 31 Determine the relationship between the theories, concepts and models of credit risk management and what goes on practically in the banking world 35 Ascertain the scope to which resourceful credit risk management can perk up bank performance 38 To evaluate how regulators and government are assisting the banks to identify, mitigate credit risk, and helping to adopt the risk-based strategies to increase their profitability, and offering assistance on continuous basis 40 Primary Survey 45 Conclusions 46 Recommendations 50 Bibliography 56 Background The sub-prime mortgage meltdown that hit the global banking sector in 2007, was a result of circumstances, actions and repercussions that began years earlier (Long, 2007). It, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, was based on unsound ground from its inception. Sub-prime mortgages represent loans made to borrowers that have lower ratings in their credit than the norm (investopedia, 2007). Due to the lower borrower credit rating, they do not qualify for what is termed as a conventional mortgage due to default risk (investopedia, 2007). Sub-prime mortgages thus carry a higher interest rate to off set the risk increase, which helped to fuel the United States economy through increased home ownership, and the attendant spending that accompanies it (Bajaj and Nixon, 2006). Implemented by the Bush administration in the United States to get the economy rolling after the recession fuelled by the September 11th air attacks, the entire plan began to backfire as early as 2004 as a result of the continu ed building of new housing without the demand (Norris, 2008). The new construction glutted the market bringing down house prices. This, coupled with a slowing economy in the United States resulted in layoffs, as well as many subprime mortgage holders defaulting on their loans, and the crisis ballooned. Some attribute the over lending of subprime mortgages to predatory lending (Squires, 2004, pp. 81-87) along with the underlying faults of using it as an economic stimulus package that did not control the limits on new housing (Cocheo, 2007). That set of circumstances represented the cause of the subprime mortgage crisis that spread globally as a result of the tightening of credit due to defaulted loan sell offs and restricted banking lending ceilings caused by the Basel II Accords (Peterson, 2005). The complexity of the foregoing shall be further explained in the Literature Review section of this study. The preceding summary journey through the subprime mortgage crisis was conducted to reveal the manner in which banking credit crunches can and do occur. The significance of the foregoing to this study represents an example to awaken us to the external factors that can and do cause banking credit crisis situations, thus revealing that despite good management practices such events can m anifest themselves. It is also true that poor or lax banking practices can have the same effects. Credit risk management represents the assessing of the risk in pursuing a certain course, and or courses of action (Powell, 2004). In addition to the foregoing U.S. created subprime mortgage crisis, the appearance of new forms of financial instruments has and is causing a problem in credit risk management with regard to the banking sector. As the worlds second largest financial centre, the United Kingdom is subject to transaction volumes that increase the risks the banking sector takes as so many new forms of financial instruments land there first. McClave (1996, p. 15) provides us with an understanding of bank risk that opens the realm to give us an overview of the problem by telling us: Banks must manage risk more objectively, using quantitative skills to understand portfolio data and to predict portfolio performance. As a result, risk management will become more process-oriented and less dependent on individuals. Angelopoulos and Mourdoukoutas (2001, p. 11) amplify the preceding in stating that Banking risk management is both a philosophical and an operational issue. They add: As a philosophical issue, banking risk management is about attitudes towards risk and the payoff associated with it, and strategies in dealing with them. As an operational issue, risk management is about the identification and classification of banking risks, and methods and procedures to measure, monitor, and control them. (Angelopoulos and Mourdoukoutas, 2001, p. 11) In concluding, Angelopoulos and Mourdoukoutas (2001, p. 11) tell us that the two approaches are in reality not divorced, and or independent form each other, and that attitudes concerning risk contribute to determining the guidelines for the measurement of risk as well as its control and monitoring. The research that has been conducted has been gathered to address credit risk management in the United Kingdom banking sector. In order to equate such, data has been gathered from all salient sources, regardless of their locale as basic banking procedures remain constant worldwide. References specific to the European Union and the United Kingdom were employed in those instances when the nuances of legislation, laws, policies and related factors dictated and evidenced a deviance that was specific. In terms of importance, credit risk is one of the most important functions in banking as it represents the foundation of how banks earn money from deposited funds they are entrusted with. This being the case, the manner in which banks manage their credit risk is a critical component of their performance over the near term as well as long term. The implications are that todays decisions impact the future, thus banks cannot approach current profitability without taking measures to ensure that decisions made in the present do not impact them negatively in the future (Comptroller of the Currency, 2001). A well designed, functioning and managed credit risk rating system promotes the safety of a bank as well as soundness in terms of making informed decisions (Comptroller of the Currency, 2001). The system works by measuring the different types of credit risk through dividing them into groups that differentiate risk by the risk posed. This enables management as well as bank examiners to mon itor trends and changes to risk exposure, and this minimise risk through diversifying the types of risk taken on through separation (Comptroller of the Currency, 2001). The types of credit risks a bank faces represents a broad array of standard, meaning old and establishes sources, as well as new fields that are developing, gaining favour, and or impacting banks as a result of the tightness of international banking that creates a ripple effect. The aforementioned subprime crisis had such an effect in that the closeness of the international banking community accelerated developments. The deregulation of banking has increased the risk stakes for banks as they now are able to engage in a broad array of lending and investment practices (Dorfman, 1997, pp. 67-73). Banking credit risk has been impacted by technology, which was one of the contributing factors in the subprime crisis (Sraeel, 2008). Technology impacts banks on both sides of the coin in that computing power and new software permits banks to devise and utilise historical risk calculations in equating present risk forms. However, as it is with all formulas, they are only as effective as the par ameters entered (Willis, 2003). The interconnected nature of the global banking system means that bank risk has increased as a result of the quick manner in which financial instruments, credit risk transfer, and other systems, and or forms of risk are handled. The Bank for International Settlements led a committee that looked into Payment and Settlement Systems, which impacts all forms of banking credit risk, both new forms as well as long standing established ones in loans, investments and other fields (TransactionDirectory.com, 2008). The report indicates that while technology and communication systems are and have increased the efficiency of banking through internal management as well as banking systems, these same areas, technology and communications systems also have and are contributing to risk. The complexity of the issues that arise in a discussion of credit risk management means that there are many terms that are applicable to the foregoing that are banking industry specific to this area. In presenting this material, it was deemed that these special terms would have more impact if they were explained, in terms of their context, as they occur to ease the task of digesting the information. This study will examine credit risk management in the UK banking sector, and the foregoing thus will take into account banking regulations, legislation, external and internal factors that impact upon this. Literature Review The areas to be covered by this study in relationship to the topic area Credit Risk Management in the UK Banking Sector entails looking at as well as examining it using a number of assessment and analysis points, as represented by the following: Ascertaining why and how banking credit risk exposure is evolving recently. Seeing how banks use credit risk evaluation and assessment tools to mitigate their credit risk exposure. The steps and methodologies used by banks to identify, plan, map out, define a framework, develop an analysis and mitigate credit risk. Determine the relationship between the theories, concepts and models of credit risk management and what goes on practically in the banking world. Ascertain the scope to which resourceful credit risk management can perk up bank performance. To evaluate how regulators and government are assisting the banks to identify, mitigate credit risk, and helping to adopt the risk-based strategies to increase their profitability, and offering assistance on continuous basis. The foregoing also represents the research methodology, which shall be further examined in section 3.0. These aspects have been included here as they represented the focus of the Literature Review, thus dictating the approach. The following review of literature contains segments of the information found on the aforementioned five areas, with the remainder referred to in the Analysis section of this study. Ascertaining why and how banking credit risk exposure is evolving recently. In a report generated by the Bank for International Settlements stated that while transactional costs have been reduced as a result of advanced communication systems, the other side of this development has seen an increase with regard to the potential for disruptions to spread quickly and widely across multiple systems (TransactionDirectory.com, 2008). The Report goes onto add that concerns regarding the speed in which transactions occur is not reflected adequately in risk controls, stress tests, crisis management procedures as well as contingency funding plans (TransactionDirectory.com, 2008). The speed at which transactions happen means that varied forms of risk can move through the banking system in such a manner so as to spread broadly before the impact of these transactions is known, as was the case with the subprime mortgage crisis debt layoff. One of the critical problems in the subprime crisis was that it represented a classic recent example of the ripple effect caused by rapid interbanking communications, and credit risk transfer. When the U.S. housing bubble burst, refinance terms could not cover the dropping house prices thus leading to defaults. The revaluation of housing prices as a result of overbuilding forced a correction in the U.S. housing market that drove prices in many cases below the assessed mortgage value (Amadeo, 2007). The subprime mortgage problem was further exacerbated by mortgage packages such as fixed rate, balloon, adjustable rate, cash-out and other forms that the failure of the U.S. housing market impacted (Demyanyk and Van Hemert, 2007). As defaults increased banks sold off their positions in bad as well as good loans they deemed as risks as collateralised debt obligations and sold them to differing investor groups (Eckman, 2008). Some of these collateralised debt obligations, containing subprim e and other mortgages, were re-bundled and sold again on margin to still another set of investors looking for high returns, sometimes putting down $1 million on a $100 million package and borrowing the rest (Eckman, 2008). When default set in, margins calls began, and the house of cards started caving in. Derivatives represent another risk form that has increased banking exposure. The preceding statement is made because new forms of derivatives are being created all of the time (Culp. 2001, p. 215). Derivatives are not new, they have existed since the 1600s in a rudimentary form as predetermined prices for the future delivery of farming products (Ivkovic, 2008). Ironically, derivatives are utilised in todays financial sector to reduce risk via changing the financial exposure, along with reducing transaction costs (Minehan and Simons, 1995). In summary, some of the uses of derivatives entail taking basic financial instruments as represented by bonds, loans and stocks, as a few examples, and then isolating basic facets such as their agreement to pay, agreements to receive or exchange cash as well as other considerations (financial) and packaging them is financial instruments (Molvar, et al, 1995). While derivatives, in theory, help to spread risk, spreading risk is exactly what caused t he subprime meltdown as the risk from U.S. mortgage were bundled and sold, repackaged, margined, and thus created a raft of exposure that suffered from the domino effect when the original house of cards came crashing down. Other derivative forms include currency swaps as well as interest rate derivatives that are termed as over the counter (Cocheo, 1993). The complexity of derivatives has increased to the point where: auditors will need to have special knowledge to be able to evaluate the derivatives measurement and disclosure so they conform with GAAP. For example, features embedded in contracts or agreements may require separate accounting as a derivative, while complex pricing structures may make assumptions used in estimating the derivative s fair value more complex, too. (Coppinger and Fitzsimons, 2002) The preceding brings attention to the issues in evaluating the risks of derivatives, and banks having the proper staffing, financial programs and criteria to rate derivative risks on old as well as the consistently new forms being developed. Andrew Crockett, the former manager for the Bank of International Settlements, in commenting on derivatives presented the double-edged sword that these financial instruments present, and thus the inherent dangers (Whalen, 2004) When properly used, (derivatives) can be a powerful means of controlling risk that allows firms to economize on scarce capital. However, it is possible for new instruments to be based on models, which are poorly designed or understood, or for the instruments to give rise to a high degree of common behaviour in traded markets. The result can be large losses to individual firms or increased market volatility. The foregoing provides background information that relates to understanding why and how banking credit risk exposure has and is evolving. The examples provided have been utilised to illustrate this. Seeing how banks use credit risk evaluation and assessment tools to mitigate their credit risk exposure. As credit risk is the focal point throughout this study, a definition of the term represents an important aspect. Credit risk is defined as (Investopedia, 2008): The risk of loss of principal orloss of a financial reward stemming from a borrowers failure to repay a loan or otherwise meet a contractual obligation. Credit risk arises whenever a borrower is expecting to use future cash flows to pay a current debt. Investors are compensated for assuming credit risk by way of interest payments from the borrower or issuer of a debt obligation. Risk, in terms of investments, is closely aligned with the potential return being offered (Investopedia, 2008). The preceding means that the higher the risk, the higher the rate of return expected by those investing in the risk. Banks utilise a variety of credit risk evaluation and assessment tools to apprise them of credit risk probabilities so that they can mitigate, and or determine their risk exposure. There are varied forms of credit risk models, which are defined as tools to estimate credit risk probability in terms of losses from banking operations in specific as well as overall areas (Lopez and Saidenburg, 2000, pp. 151-165). Lopez and Saidenberg (1999) advise us that the main use of models by banks is to provide forecasts concerning the probability of how losses might occur in the credit portfolio, and the manner in which they might happen. They advise that the aforementioned credit risk model projection of loss distribution is founded on two factors (Lopez and Saidenberg, 1999): the multivariate, which means having more than one variable (Houghton Mifflin, 2008) distribution concerning the credit losses in terms of all of the credits in the banks portfolio, and the weighting vector, meaning the direction, characterising these credits. As can be deduced, the ability to measure credit risk is an important factor in improving the risk management capacity of a bank. The importance of the preceding is contained in the Basel II Accord that states the capital requirement is three times the projected maximum loss that could occur in terms of a portfolio position (Vassalou, M., Xing, Y., 2003). Risk models and risk assessment tools form and are a structural part of the new Basel II Accord in that banks are required to adhere to three mechanisms for overall operational risk that are set to measure and control liquidity risk, of which credit risk is a big component (Banco de Espana, 2005). The key provisions of the Basel II Accord set forth that (Accenture, 2003): the capital allocation is risk sensitive, separation of operational risk, from credit risk, vary the capital requirements in keeping with the different types of business it conducts, and encourage the development and use of internal systems to aid the bank in arriving at capital levels that meet requirements An explanation of the tools utilised by banks in terms of evaluation as well as assessment will be further explored in the Analysis segment of this study. The steps and methodologies used by banks to identify, plan, map out, define a framework, develop an analysis and mitigate credit risk. The process via which banks identify, plan, map out, define frameworks, develop analyses, and mitigate credit risk represent areas as put forth by the Basel II Accord, which shall be defined in terms of the oversight measures and degrees of autonomy they have in this process. In terms of the word autonomy, it must be explained that the Basel II Accord regulates the standard of banking capital adequacy, setting forth defined measures for the analysis of risk that must meet with regulatory approval (Bank for International Settlements, 2007). This is specified under the three types of capital requirement frameworks that were designed to impact on the area of pricing risk to make the discipline proactive. The rationale for the preceding tiered process is that it acts as an incentive for banks to seek the top level that affords them with a lowered requirement for capital adequacy as a result of heightened risk management systems and processes across the board (Bank for International Settl ements, 2007). The foregoing takes into account liquidity (operational) risk as well as credit risk management and market risk. The risk management active foundation of the Basel II Accord separates operational risk from credit risk, with the foundation geared to making the risk management process sensitive, along with aligning regulatory and economic capital aspects into closer proximity to reduce arbitrage ranges (Schneider, 2004). The process uses a three-pillar foundation that consists of minimum capital requirements along with supervisory review as well as market discipline to create enhanced stability (Schneider, 2004). The three tiers in the Basel II Accord, consist of the following, which are critical in understanding the steps, and methodologies utilised by banks to identify, plan, map, define frameworks, analyse and mitigate risk (Bank for International Settlements, 2007): Standardised Approach This is the lowest level of capital adequacy calculation, thus having the highest reserves. Via this approach risk management is conducted in what is termed as a standardised manner, which is founded on credit being externally assessed, and other methods consisting of internal rating measures. In terms of banking activities, they are set forth under eight business categories (Natter, 2004): agency services, corporate finance, trading and sales, asset management, commercial banking, retail banking, retail brokerage, payment and settlement The methodology utilised under the standardised approach is based on operational risk that is computed as a percentage of the banks income that is derived from that line of business. Foundation Internal Rating Based Approach (IRB) (Bank for International Settlements, 2007) The Foundational IRB utilises a series of measurements in the calculation of credit risk. Via this method, banks are able to develop empirical models on their own for use in estimating default probability incidence for clients. The use of these models must first be reviewed and cleared by local regulators to assure that the models conform to standards that calculate results in a manner that is in keeping with banking processes in terms of outcomes and inputs to arrive at the end figures. Regulators require that the formulas utilised include Loss Given Default (LGD), along with parameters consisting of the Risk Weighted Asset (RWA) are part of the formulas used. Banks that qualify under this tier are granted a lower capital adequacy holding figure than those under the first tier. Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach (IRB) (Bank for International Settlements, 2007) Under this last tier, banks are granted the lowest capital adequacy requirements, if they qualify by the constructing of empirical models that calculate the capital needed to cover credit risk. The techniques, personnel and equipment needed to meet the foregoing are quite extensive, requiring a substantial investment of time, materials, funds, and personnel to accomplish the foregoing, thus this measure generally applies to the largest banks, that have the capability to undertake these tasks. As is the case under the Foundation Internal Rating Based Approach, the models developed must meet with regulator approval. Under this aspect of the Basel II provisions for this tier, banks are permitted to create quantitative models that calculate the following (Bank for International Settlements, 2007): Exposure at Default (EAD), the Risk Weighted Asset (RWA) Probability of Default (PD), and Loss Given Default (LGD). The above facets have been utilised to provide an understanding of the operative parameters put into place by Basel II that define the realm in which banks must operate. These tiers also illustrate that the depth of the manner in which banks identify, plan, map out, define frameworks, analyse and mitigate credit risks, which varies based upon these tiers. Under the Standardised Approach the formulas are devised by the regulators, with banks having the opportunity to devise their own models. Graphically, the preceding looks as follows: Chart 1 Basel II Three Pillars (Bank for International Settlements, 2007) Determine the relationship between the theories, concepts and models of credit risk management and what goes on practically in the banking world. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2000) states that the goal of credit risk management is to maximise a banks risk adjusted rate of return by maintaining credit risk exposure within acceptable parameters. The foregoing extends to its entire portfolio, along with risk as represented by individual credits, and with transactions (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2000). In discussing risk management theories, Pyle (1997)/span> states it is the process by which managers satisfy these needs by identifying key risks, obtaining consistent, understandable, operational risk measures, choosing which risks to reduce, and which risks to increase and by what means, and establishing procedures to monitor the resulting risk position. The preceding statement brings forth the complex nature of credit risk management. In understanding the application of risk it is important to note that credit risks are defined as changes in portfolio value due to the failure of counter parties to m eet their obligations, or due to changes in the markets perception of their ability to continue to do so (Pyle, 1997). In terms of practice, banks have traditionally utilised credit scoring, credit committees, and ratings in an assessment of credit risk (Pyle, 1997). Bank regulations treat market risk and credit risk as separate categories. J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc. (1997) brought forth the theory that the parallel treatment of market risk and credit risk would increase risk management by gauging both facets would aiding in contributing to the accuracy of credit risk by introducing external forces and influences into the equation that would reveal events and their correlation with credit risk. Through incorporating the influence and effect of external events via an historical perspective, against credit risk default rates, patterns and models result that can serve as useful alerts to pending changes in credit risk as contained in Pyles (1997)/span> statement that ended in due to changes in the markets perception of their ability to continue to do so. The Plausibility Theory as developed by Wolfgang Spohn represents an approach to making decisions in the face of unknowable risks (Value Based Management, Inc., 2007). Prior to the arrival of the Plausibility Theory, Bayesian statistics was utilised to predict and explain decision making which was based upon managers making decisions through weighing the likelihood of differing events, along with their projected outcomes (Value Based Management, Inc., 2007). Strangely, the foregoing this theory was not applied to banking. The Risk Threshold of the Plausibility Theory assesses a range of outcomes that may be possible, however it does focus on the probability of hitting a threshold point, such as net loss relative to acceptable risk (Value Based Management, Inc., 2007). The new Basel II Accord employs a variant of the foregoing that is termed as Risk Adjusted Return on Capital which is a measurement as well as management framework for measuring risk adjusted financial performance and for providing a consistent view of profitability across business (units divisions) (Value Based Management, Inc., 2007). The foregoing theory of including external events in a calculative model with business lines credit risks is yet to be fully accepted as the variables from external predictive models to result in scenarios along with credit risk models is a daunting set of equations. Ascertain the scope to which resourceful credit risk management can perk up bank performance. In equating how and the scope in which resourceful credit risk management can improve bank performance, one needs to be cognizant that credit risk represents the primary type of financial risk in the bank sector as well as existing in almost all areas that are income generating (Comptroller of the Currency, 2001). From the preceding it flows that a credit risk rating system that is managed and run well will and does promote bank soundness as well as safety through helping to make and implement decision making that is informed (Comptroller of the Currency, 2001). Through the construction and use of the foregoing, banking management as well as bank examiners and regulators are able to monitor trends as well as changes occurring in risk levels (Comptroller of the Currency, 2001). Through the preceding, management is able to better manage risk, thus optimising returns (Comptroller of the Currency, 2001). The improvement of credit risk management in terms of identification and monitoring, the process when operated effectively can improve bottom line performance through laying off risk identified as potentially being problematic in the future (KPMG, 2007). Zimmer (2005) helps us to understand the nuances of transferring credit risk by telling us: A bank collects funds and originates loans. It might only be able to attract funds if it holds some risk capital that finances losses and saves the bank from insolvency if parts of its loan portfolio default. If the bank faces increasing costs of raising external finance, CRT has a positive effect on the lending capacity of the bank. Providing the bank with additional risk capital, CRT lowers the banks opportunity cost of additional lending and increases its lending capacity. As has been covered herein, credit risk represents a potential income loss area for banks in that default subtracts from income, thus lowering a banks financial performance. The Bank for International Settlements (2003) advises that the principle cause of banking problems is directly related to credit standards that are lax, which is termed as poor risk management. The preceding reality has been documented by the The Bank for International Settlements (2003) that advises that poor credit risk management procedures and structures rob banks of income as they fail to identify risks that are in danger of default, and thus taking the appropriate actions. A discussion of the means via which resourceful credit risk management enhance bank performance in delved into under the Analysis segment of this study. To evaluate how regulators and government are assisting the banks to identify, mitigate credit risk, and helping to adopt the risk-based strategies to increase their profitability, and offering assistance on continuous basis. In delving into banking credit risk management in the United Kingdom, legislation represents the logical starting place as it sets the parameters and guidelines under which the banking sector must operate. The Basel II Accord represents the revised i